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1 American Railroads
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2 American Railroads
Oil: AAR, Association ofУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > American Railroads
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3 Association of American Railroads
Железнодорожный термин: Ассоциация Американских железных дорог, (AAR) Американская ассоциация железнодорожниковУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Association of American Railroads
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4 Association of American Railroads (AAR)
Железнодорожный термин: Американская ассоциация железнодорожниковУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Association of American Railroads (AAR)
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5 Association of American Railroads
1) Abbreviation: AAR (Ассоциация американских железных дорог)2) Transport: AARУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Association of American Railroads
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6 The Association Of American Railroads
Railway term: AARУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > The Association Of American Railroads
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7 Association of American Railroads
сущ.Универсальный немецко-русский словарь > Association of American Railroads
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8 Association of American Railroads
railw. AARУниверсальный русско-немецкий словарь > Association of American Railroads
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9 Association of American Railroads
Англо-русский железнодорожный словарь > Association of American Railroads
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10 AAR
1) Компьютерная техника: Association for Automated Reasoning2) Медицина: area at risk (размер площади, подверженной риску)3) Спорт: Able And Ready, All American Racers, All American Racing4) Военный термин: Active Array Radar, Air To Air Refueling, All American Rejects, Army area representative, after-action report, after-action review, air-air refueling, air-augmented rocket, aircraft accident report, alternate acquisition radar5) Математика: Arbitrary Angle Reduction6) Железнодорожный термин: The Association Of American Railroads8) Страхование: against all risks (страхование от всех рисков)9) Автомобильный термин: Angularly Adjusted Roller10) Сокращение: Active Antenna Radar (Anglo-French), Advanced Address Recognizer for OCR (1991 RFP for 1995), Afar, After Action Review, Air-to-Air Radar, Air-to-Air Refuelling, подведение итогов, разбор результатов выполнения задачи, ААР -, American Academy in Rome (Американская академия (археологическое общество) в г. Риме), Association of American Railroads (Ассоциация американских железных дорог), Automotive Affiliated Representatives (Ассоциация филиальных представительств по продаже автомобилей (США))11) Нефть: American Railroads, automatic alternate routing.12) Банковское дело: против всех рисков (against all risks)13) Транспорт: Airport Acceptance Rate, Association of American Railroads14) Экология: average annual rainfall15) СМИ: Aftermarket Automotive Review16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: alkali-aggregate activity, After Action Reviews17) Сетевые технологии: automatic alternative routing, автоматическая альтернативная маршрутизация, маршрутизация с автоматическим обходом неисправных узлов18) Нефть и газ: консорциум "Альфа-групп" и "Аксесс/Ренова" (Alfa - Access/Renova: совладельцы ТНК)19) Общественная организация: Alliance for Aging Research20) NYSE. A M R Corporation -
11 Aar
1) Компьютерная техника: Association for Automated Reasoning2) Медицина: area at risk (размер площади, подверженной риску)3) Спорт: Able And Ready, All American Racers, All American Racing4) Военный термин: Active Array Radar, Air To Air Refueling, All American Rejects, Army area representative, after-action report, after-action review, air-air refueling, air-augmented rocket, aircraft accident report, alternate acquisition radar5) Математика: Arbitrary Angle Reduction6) Железнодорожный термин: The Association Of American Railroads8) Страхование: against all risks (страхование от всех рисков)9) Автомобильный термин: Angularly Adjusted Roller10) Сокращение: Active Antenna Radar (Anglo-French), Advanced Address Recognizer for OCR (1991 RFP for 1995), Afar, After Action Review, Air-to-Air Radar, Air-to-Air Refuelling, подведение итогов, разбор результатов выполнения задачи, ААР -, American Academy in Rome (Американская академия (археологическое общество) в г. Риме), Association of American Railroads (Ассоциация американских железных дорог), Automotive Affiliated Representatives (Ассоциация филиальных представительств по продаже автомобилей (США))11) Нефть: American Railroads, automatic alternate routing.12) Банковское дело: против всех рисков (against all risks)13) Транспорт: Airport Acceptance Rate, Association of American Railroads14) Экология: average annual rainfall15) СМИ: Aftermarket Automotive Review16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: alkali-aggregate activity, After Action Reviews17) Сетевые технологии: automatic alternative routing, автоматическая альтернативная маршрутизация, маршрутизация с автоматическим обходом неисправных узлов18) Нефть и газ: консорциум "Альфа-групп" и "Аксесс/Ренова" (Alfa - Access/Renova: совладельцы ТНК)19) Общественная организация: Alliance for Aging Research20) NYSE. A M R Corporation -
12 aar
1) Компьютерная техника: Association for Automated Reasoning2) Медицина: area at risk (размер площади, подверженной риску)3) Спорт: Able And Ready, All American Racers, All American Racing4) Военный термин: Active Array Radar, Air To Air Refueling, All American Rejects, Army area representative, after-action report, after-action review, air-air refueling, air-augmented rocket, aircraft accident report, alternate acquisition radar5) Математика: Arbitrary Angle Reduction6) Железнодорожный термин: The Association Of American Railroads8) Страхование: against all risks (страхование от всех рисков)9) Автомобильный термин: Angularly Adjusted Roller10) Сокращение: Active Antenna Radar (Anglo-French), Advanced Address Recognizer for OCR (1991 RFP for 1995), Afar, After Action Review, Air-to-Air Radar, Air-to-Air Refuelling, подведение итогов, разбор результатов выполнения задачи, ААР -, American Academy in Rome (Американская академия (археологическое общество) в г. Риме), Association of American Railroads (Ассоциация американских железных дорог), Automotive Affiliated Representatives (Ассоциация филиальных представительств по продаже автомобилей (США))11) Нефть: American Railroads, automatic alternate routing.12) Банковское дело: против всех рисков (against all risks)13) Транспорт: Airport Acceptance Rate, Association of American Railroads14) Экология: average annual rainfall15) СМИ: Aftermarket Automotive Review16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: alkali-aggregate activity, After Action Reviews17) Сетевые технологии: automatic alternative routing, автоматическая альтернативная маршрутизация, маршрутизация с автоматическим обходом неисправных узлов18) Нефть и газ: консорциум "Альфа-групп" и "Аксесс/Ренова" (Alfa - Access/Renova: совладельцы ТНК)19) Общественная организация: Alliance for Aging Research20) NYSE. A M R Corporation -
13 Cooper, Peter
[br]b. 12 February 1791 New York, USAd. 4 April 1883 New York, USA[br]American entrepreneur and steam locomotive pioneer.[br]Cooper had minimal formal education, but following a childhood spent helping his small-businessman father, he had by his early twenties become a prosperous glue maker. In 1828, with partners, he set up an ironworks at Baltimore. The Baltimore \& Ohio Railroad, intended for horse haulage, was under construction and, to confound those sceptical of the powers of steam, Cooper built a steam locomotive, with vertical boiler and single vertical cylinder, that was so small that it was called Tom Thumb. Nevertheless, when on test in 1830, it proved a match for horse power and became one of the first locomotives to run on an American railway. Cooper did not, however, personally take this line of development further; rather, he built up a vast industrial empire and later in life became a noted philanthropist.[br]Further ReadingJ.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Dictionary of American Biography.PJGR -
14 Janney, Eli Hamilton
SUBJECT AREA: Railways and locomotives[br]b. 12 November 1831 Loudoun County, Virginia, USAd. 16 June 1912 Alexandria, Virginia, USA[br]American inventor of buckeye coupling for railway vehicles.[br]Early American railways used link-and-pin couplings, with consequent danger to life and limb of those who had to go between vehicles to couple and uncouple them. Many inventors tried to produce a coupling that would couple automatically and could be uncoupled from the trackside, and Janney was eventually successful in achieving this. He invented his device, which worked like the hooked fingers of two hands, in 1868, and after improvement it was adopted by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1874. Janney formed the Janney Car Coupling Company, but it was not until 1888 that the Master Car Builders' Association made the Janney coupling standard on American railways. Automatic couplings were made compulsory in the USA by the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893.[br]BibliographyJanney took out five US patents for automatic couplings between 1868 and 1882.Further ReadingJ.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 152ö4.PJGR -
15 Allen, Horatio
[br]b. 10 May 1802 Schenectady, New York, USAd. 1 January 1890 South Orange, New Jersey, USA[br]American engineer, pioneer of steam locomotives.[br]Allen was the Resident Engineer for construction of the Delaware \& Hudson Canal and in 1828 was instructed by J.B. Jervis to visit England to purchase locomotives for the canal's rail extension. He drove the locomotive Stourbridge Lion, built by J.U. Rastrick, on its first trial on 9 August 1829, but weak track prevented its regular use.Allen was present at the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in October 1829. So was E.L.Miller, one of the promoters of the South Carolina Canal \& Rail Road Company, to which Allen was appointed Chief Engineer that autumn. Allen was influential in introducing locomotives to this railway, and the West Point Foundry built a locomotive for it to his design; it was the first locomotive built in the USA for sale. This locomotive, which bore some resemblance to Novelty, built for Rainhill by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, was named Best Friend of Charleston. On Christmas Day 1830 it hauled the first scheduled steam train to run in America, carrying 141 passengers.In 1832 the West Point Foundry built four double-ended, articulated 2–2–0+0–2–2 locomotives to Horatio Allen's design for the South Carolina railroad. From each end of a central firebox extended two boiler barrels side by side with common smokeboxes and chimneys; wheels were mounted on swivelling sub-frames, one at each end, beneath these boilers. Allen's principal object was to produce a powerful locomotive with a light axle loading.Allen subsequently became a partner in Stillman, Allen \& Co. of New York, builders of marine engines, and in 1843 was President of the Erie Railroad.[br]Further ReadingJ.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.Dictionary of American Biography.R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.J.H.White Jr, 1994, "Old debts and new visions", in Common Roots—Separate Branches, London: Science Museum, 79–82.PJGR -
16 Stevens, Robert Livingston
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 18 October 1787 Hoboken, New Jersey, USAd. 20 April 1856 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA[br]American engineer, pioneer of steamboats and railways.[br]R.L.Stevens was the son of John Stevens and was given the technical education his father lacked. He assisted his father with the Little Juliana and the Phoenix, managed the commercial operation of the Phoenix on the Delaware River, and subsequently built many other steamboats.In 1830 he and his brother Edwin A.Stevens obtained a charter from the New Jersey Legislature for the Camden \& Amboy Railroad \& Transportation Company, and he visited Britain to obtain rails and a locomotive. Railway track in the USA then normally comprised longitudinal timber rails with running surfaces of iron straps, but Stevens designed rails of flat-bottom section, which were to become standard, and had the first batch rolled in Wales. He also designed hookheaded spikes for them, and "iron tongues", which became fishplates. From Robert Stephenson \& Co. (see Robert Stephenson) he obtained the locomotive John Bull, which was similar to the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Samson. The Camden \& Amboy Railroad was opened in 1831, but John Bull, a 0–4–0, proved over sensitive to imperfections in the track; Stevens and his mechanic, Isaac Dripps, added a two-wheeled non-swivelling "pilot" at the front to guide it round curves. The locomotive survives at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.[br]Further ReadingH.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin.J.H.White Jr, 1979, A History of the American Locomotive—Its Development: 1830– 1880, New York: Dover Publications Inc.J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Stevens, Robert Livingston
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17 Train, George Francis
[br]b. 24 March 1829 Boston, Massachusetts, USA d. 1904[br]American entrepreneur who introduced tramways to the streets of London.[br]He was the son of a merchant, Oliver Train, who had settled in New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother and sister died in a yellow fever epidemic and he was sent to live on his grandmother's farm at Waltham, Massachusetts, where he went to the district school. He left in 1843 and was apprenticed in a grocery store in nearby Cambridge, where, one day, a relative named Enoch Train called to see him. George Train left and went to join his relative's shipping office across the river in Boston; Enoch Train, among other enterprises, ran a packet line to Liverpool and, in 1850, sent George to England to manage his Liverpool office. Three years later, George Train went to Melbourne, Australia, and established his own shipping firm; he is said to have earned £95,000 in his first year there. In 1855 he left Australia to travel in Europe and the Levant where he made many contacts. In the late 1850s and early 1860s he was in England seeking capital for American railroads and promoting the construction of street railways or trams in Liverpool, London and Staffordshire. In 1862 he was back in Boston, where he was put in jail for disturbing a public meeting; in 1870, he achieved momentary fame for travelling around the world in eighty days.[br]Further ReadingD.Malone (ed.), 1932–3, Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 5, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
18 Westinghouse, George
[br]b. 6 October 1846 Central Bridge, New York, USAd. 12 March 1914 New York, New York, USA[br]American inventor and entrepreneur, pioneer of air brakes for railways and alternating-current distribution of electricity.[br]George Westinghouse's father was an ingenious manufacturer of agricultural implements; the son, after a spell in the Union Army during the Civil War, and subsequently in the Navy as an engineer, went to work for his father. He invented a rotary steam engine, which proved impracticable; a rerailing device for railway rolling stock in 1865; and a cast-steel frog for railway points, with longer life than the cast-iron frogs then used, in 1868–9. During the same period Westinghouse, like many other inventors, was considering how best to meet the evident need for a continuous brake for trains, i.e. one by which the driver could apply the brakes on all vehicles in a train simultaneously instead of relying on brakesmen on individual vehicles. By chance he encountered a magazine article about the construction of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, with a description of the pneumatic tools invented for it, and from this it occurred to him that compressed air might be used to operate the brakes along a train.The first prototype was ready in 1869 and the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was set up to manufacture it. However, despite impressive demonstration of the brake's powers when it saved the test train from otherwise certain collision with a horse-drawn dray on a level crossing, railways were at first slow to adopt it. Then in 1872 Westinghouse added to it the triple valve, which enabled the train pipe to charge reservoirs beneath each vehicle, from which the compressed air would apply the brakes when pressure in the train pipe was reduced. This meant that the brake was now automatic: if a train became divided, the brakes on both parts would be applied. From then on, more and more American railways adopted the Westinghouse brake and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made air brakes compulsory in the USA. Air brakes were also adopted in most other parts of the world, although only a minority of British railway companies took them up, the remainder, with insular reluctance, preferring the less effective vacuum brake.From 1880 Westinghouse was purchasing patents relating to means of interlocking railway signals and points; he combined them with his own inventions to produce a complete signalling system. The first really practical power signalling scheme, installed in the USA by Westinghouse in 1884, was operated pneumatically, but the development of railway signalling required an awareness of the powers of electricity, and it was probably this that first led Westinghouse to become interested in electrical processes and inventions. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed in 1886: it pioneered the use of electricity distribution systems using high-voltage single-phase alternating current, which it developed from European practice. Initially this was violently opposed by established operators of direct-current distribution systems, but eventually the use of alternating current became widespread.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur. Order of the Crown of Italy. Order of Leopold.BibliographyWestinghouse took out some 400 patents over forty-eight years.Further ReadingH.G.Prout, 1922, A Life of "George Westinghouse", London (biography inclined towards technicalities).F.E.Leupp, 1918, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements, Boston (London 1919) (biography inclined towards Westinghouse and his career).J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 152–4.PJGR -
19 Stevens, John
[br]b. 1749 New York, New York, USAd. 6 March 1838 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA[br]American pioneer of steamboats and railways.[br]Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.[br]Bibliography1812, Documents Tending to Prove the Superior Advantages of Rail-ways and Steam-carriages over Canal Navigation.He took out patents relating to steam-engines in the USA in 1791, 1803, and 1810, and in England, through his son John Cox Stevens, in 1805.Further ReadingH.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin (provides technical details of Stevens's boats).J.T.Flexner, 1978, Steamboats Come True, Boston: Little, Brown (describes his work in relation to that of other steamboat pioneers).J.R.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1927) 7: 114 (discusses tubular boilers).J.R.Day and B.G.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller (discusses Stevens's locomotive).PJGR -
20 Association of
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